僫僔儑僫儕僘儉

丂僫僔儑僫儕僘儉偲偄偆岅傪尒偰丄撉幰偼偡偖偵愴慜偺擔杮偺挻崙壠庡媊傗僪僀僣偺僫僠僘儉傪巚偄晜偐傋丄彮乆夁晀偵斀墳偝傟傞偐傕偟傟側偄丅偦偟偰愴慜偺斀徣偐傜弌敪偟偨愴屻偺擔杮峫屆妛偺摦岦(=旕惌帯惈偺昗炘: Faucett 1995, Tsude 1995, Habu and Faucett 1999)偐傜敾抐偟偰丄側偤偄傑僫僔儑僫儕僘儉偲峫屆妛偲偺娭學傪媍榑偟側偔偰偼側傜側偄偺偐偲偄偆媈栤傪書偔偐傕偟傟側偄丅偙偙偱偼愴慜偺嬌抂側帠椺傪旕擄偡傞偙偲偑栚揑偱偼側偄丅嬌尷偺帠椺傪偙偲偝傜偲傝偁偘偰傕丄擔忢惈偺側偐偵愽傓栤戣偼夝寛偝傟側偄丅傓偟傠丄尰嵼傢傟傢傟偑偳偺傛偆側偟偐偨偱邒帲偵偮偄偰偺僀儊乕僕傪惗傒弌偟偰偄傞偺偐丄偦偟偰偦偺嵺丄偳偺傛偆側妛栤揑榞慻傒(巟攝揑僷儔僟僀儉)偑傢傟傢傟偵塭嬁偟偰偄傞偐傪峫嶡偟丄帺傜偑乽帺慠側傕偺乿丄乽帺柧側傕偺乿偲偟偰丄偙傟傑偱栤戣偲偝傟偰偙側偐偭偨晹暘傪柧傜偐偵偡傞傎偆偑丄峫屆妛偺彨棃偺壜擻惈偵婑梌偡傞傕偺偲峫偊傜傟傞丅

峫屆妛偑偳偺傛偆偵僫僔儑僫儕僘儉偲娭學偟偰偄傞偺偐傪峫偊傞偲偒丄嬤戙崙柉崙壠偲僫僔儑僫儕僘儉偺惉棫丄僫僔儑僫儕僘儉偺惈奿偲婡擻丄偦偟偰尰嵼偵偍偗傞僫僔儑僫儕僘儉偺曄杄偲尷奅偵偮偄偰尵媦偟側偔偰偼側傜側偄丅偦偟偰夁嫀傊偝偐偺傏偭偰楌巎傪嵞峔抸偡傞偲偄偆峫屆妛偺塩傒偑丄嬤戙偺偼偠傑傝偐傜尰嵼傑偱丄僫僔儑僫儕僘儉偲偳偺傛偆側娭學傪曐偭偰偒偨偐傪夝偒柧偐偡昁梫偑偁傞偩傠偆(Kohl and Faucett 1995, Diaz-Andreu and Champion 1996, Molyneaux 1997)丅

峫屆妛偑僫僔儑僫儕僘儉偵娭梌偡傞偺偼丄峫屆妛幰偵傛偭偰夁嫀偑膷\惉硞陚閸蹅蓩N偙傞栤戣丄偡側傢偪昞徾偺応偵偍偗傞栤戣偱偁傞丅夁嫀偼偳偺傛偆側応亖嬻娫偵偍偄偰昞徾偝傟傞偺偐丅峫屆妛偑嬤戙崙柉崙壠偵偍偄偰抋惗偟偨偙偲傪憐婲偡傟偽丄偦偺夞摎偼偍偺偢偲柧傜偐偱偁傞丅偟偐偟崙柉崙壠偵偍偄偰懡條側惈奿傪傕偮僫僔儑僫儕僘儉偑邒帟\徾饜秱輳o偡儊僇僯僘儉偵偮偄偰偼丄傗傗暋嶨側愢柧偑昁梫偲側傞丅

僫僔儑僫儕僘儉偲偼壗偐丄堦尵偱弎傋傞偲偡傟偽丄偦傟偼崙柉崙壠偵偍偗傞崙柉偺僀僨僆儘僊乕揑摑崌乮崙柉壔乯偺偨傔偺巚憐偱偁傝丄傑偨偦偺塣摦偲偄偆偙偲偑偱偒傞偩傠偆丅偦偟偰崙柉偺僀僨僆儘僊乕揑側摑崌偵偍偄偰丄乽暥壔乿偑廳梫側栶妱傪壥偨偟偰偒偨丅偙偺応崌乽暥壔乿偲偼丄崙柉崙壠撪偺嬻娫偵偍偄偰嬒幙壔丒摨幙壔偝傟傞傋偒憱瘯秹唬傪巜偟丄尵岅丄廗姷丄暈憰丄廆嫵丄帪娫姶妎丄枴妎丄壒姶丄恎怳傝側偳偐傜丄巚憐丄抦幆丄寍弍丄暥妛丄壢妛偵帄傞傑偱丄杮棃丄懡條側恖傃偲偺惗妶婎斦偺椞堟傪丄崙壠偵偲偭偰嵟傕朷傑偟偄曽岦傊偲摑崌偝傟偨乽暥壔乿偺偙偲偱偁傞丅偦偟偰崙柉崙壠惉棫屻偵愝偗傜傟偨崙嫬偺撪懁偵廧傓懡條側恖傃偲傗偦偺暥壔傪嬒幙側傕偺偵曄偊丄傂偲偮偺乽崙柉暥壔乿偵摑崌偟偰偄偔偨傔偵偼丄僫僔儑僫儕僘儉偲偄偆僀僨僆儘僊乕憰抲偩偗偱偼晄廫暘偱偁傞丅偦傟偵偼暥壔揑摑崌傪壜擻側傕偺偵偡傞彅惂搙偑惍旛偝傟偰偄側偔偰偼側傜側偄丅偦傟傜偺彅惂搙丄偡側傢偪崙壠憰抲偵偼丄惌晎丄妛峑(嫵堢)丄孯戉丄嵸敾強丄寈嶡丄孻柋強丄屗愋丄昦堾丄岎捠丒捠怣栐丄惻惂丄壿暭丄搚抧惂搙丄搙検峵丄怴暦丄攷暔娰丄寑応丄攷棗夛丄廽嵳側偳偑偁偘傜傟傞丅柉廜傗戝廜傪乽崙柉壔乿偡傞偨傔偵偼丄惗妶偺偁傜備傞嬊柺偵傢偨傞恎懱揑丒僀僨僆儘僊乕揑側娗棟丒堐帩偲嵞惗嶻傪壜擻偵偡傞彅惂搙丒憰抲偑晄壜寚偲側傞丅

丂僫僔儑僫儕僘儉偑崙柉崙壠偵偍偄偰暥壔揑丄僀僨僆儘僊乕揑側崙柉摑崌乮亖崙柉壔乯傪悇偟恑傔傞偲偒丄傕偆傂偲偮峫椂偵擖傟偰偍偐側偔偰偼側傜側偄梫慺偼丄崙壠傗崙柉傊偺帺屓摨堦惈乮傾僀僨儞僥傿僥傿乯偱偁傞丅柉廜傗戝廜偑丄惗傟棊偪偨乽崙壠乿傗乽崙柉乿偵帺傜傪摨堦壔偡傞嵺偵偼丄斵傜偵傛偭偰傾僀僨儞僥傿僥傿偑帺慠偵昞柧偝傟丄憱偲偟偰偺嫟懏堄幆偑宍惉偝傟傞昁梫偑偁偭偨丅偦偟偰崙柉偲偟偰偺傾僀僨儞僥傿僥傿偼丄忋偱弎傋偨傛偆側僀僨僆儘僊乕偲崙壠偺憰抲偵傛偭偰憂弌偝傟丄傛傝嫮壔偝傟偰偄偔丅偦偺嵺丄崙柉揑側傾僀僨儞僥傿僥傿偵偼丄乽柉懓乿偲偟偰偺乽楌巎揑側楢懕惈乿偲乽弮悎惈乿丄乽揱摑暥壔乿偺乽屌桳惈乿側偳偲偺嫮偄寢傃偮偒偑偟偽偟偽嫮挷偝傟傞丅傂偲偮帠椺傪偁偘偰峫偊偰傒傛偆丅僪僀僣偺揘妛幰僼傿僸僥偼丄僫億儗僆儞偺孯戉偵愯椞偝傟丄懪偪傂偟偑傟偨僪僀僣崙柉偺巑婥傪屰晳偡傞偨傔丄14夞偵傢偨傞垽崙揑島墘傪峴偭偨(亀僪僀僣崙柉偵崘偖亁)丅偙偺島墘偱僼傿僸僥偼丄僪僀僣崙柉偲偟偰偺楌巎揑側屆偝丄柉懓揑弮悎惈丄僪僀僣岅偺尵岅揑弮悎惈丄偦偟偰懠偺崙柉偵尒傜傟側偄乽惗柦偺崻杮揑尮愹乿偺懚嵼傪嫮挷偡傞丅偝傜偵丄屄恖偺惗偑崻杮揑尮愹偵崌棳偡傞偙偲偵傛偭偰塱墦偺慶崙垽傪妉摼偟丄乽崻尮揑柉懓(Urvolk )乿偲偟偰偺屌桳惈偲帺桼側惛恄偵傛偭偰丄怴偨側悽奅偺寶愝偵峷專偡傞偙偲傪屇傃偐偗偨乮塋帞1997乯丅偙偺桳柤側島墘偼擔杮偱傕偨傃偨傃東栿偝傟丄嬤戙擔杮偺寛掕揑側愡栚偱偟偽偟偽峬掕揑偵嶲徠偝傟偰丄怴偨側乽崙柉偺憂惗乿偵廳梫側栶妱傪壥偨偟偰偒偨(惣愳1995丄僀丒儓儞僗僋1995)丅偟偐偟偙偙偱廳梫側偺偼丄嬤戙崙柉崙壠宍惉偺弌敪揰偱丄崙柉偲崙壠偺乽尨弶惈乿偲乽塱懕惈乿偑嫮挷偝傟丄夁嫀偺楌巎偲揱摑偑乽崙柉乿偺傾僀僨儞僥傿僥傿偺嫆傝強偲側偭偰偄傞偙偲偱偁傞丅

崙柉崙壠惉棫埲慜傑偱偼丄抧堟揑嫟摨懱偺惉堳偲偟偰偺嫟懏堄幆傗傾僀僨儞僥傿僥傿偟偐傕偪偁傢偣偰偄側偐偭偨柉廜鍙O偑丄怴偨偵乽崙柉乿偲偟偰乽憂惗乿偝傟傞偲偒偵偼丄崙柉崙壠偺崙嫬撪偵偍偗傞柉廜丒戝廜偺楌巎揑婰壇偑摦堳偝傟丄揱摑揑暥壔偺撈帺惈丒屌桳惈偑嫮挷偝傟傞丅偙偺傛偆側婰壇傗揱摑偺嬒幙壔偼丄崙柉崙壠憂愝偲偦偺堐帩偵偁偨偭偰丄偨傃偨傃屇傃婲偙偝傟偰偒偨偨傔偵丄傢傟傢傟傕偦傟傜偵廫暘姷傟恊偟傫偱偟傑偭偰偄偰丄偡偱偵崙壠偺楌巎揑惓摉惈丄柉懓(崙柉)偺弮悎惈丄暥壔揑揱摑惈傪乽帺慠側傕偺乿偲偟偰庴偗擖傟偰偟傑偭偰偍傝丄偦偺偙偲帺懱偑乽帠幚乿側偺偐偲偄偆偙偲偵媈栤傪嵎偟嫴傕偆偲傕偟側偔側偭偰偄傞丅偦偺屻丄惣墷偱嶌傜傟偨崙柉崙壠儌僨儖偼悽奅拞偱庴偗擖傟傜傟丄崱擔丄崙壠娫偱偼屳偄偵帺傜偺撈帺惈傗屌桳惈傪庡挘偟偁偆帠懺偑尰弌偡傞傛偆偵側偭偰偄傞丅偦偟偰乽崙柉乿偲偟偰偺傾僀僨儞僥傿僥傿偼丄乽揱摑偺憂弌乿偲乽嵎堎乿傪崙嵺揑偵嫞偄偁偆偙偲偵傛偭偰丄傛傝嫮屌側僀僨僆儘僊乕偲偟偰抌偊忋偘傜傟傞(Jones1997:2-3, Diaz-Andreu and Champion 1996:18-19, Kohl 1998)丅

偝偰峫屆妛偲僫僔儑僫儕僘儉偲偺娭學傪弎傋傞慜偵丄慜採偲側傞崙柉崙壠傗僫僔儑僫儕僘儉傪庢傝姫偔崙壠僔僗僥儉偵偮偄偰愢柧傪挿乆偲懕偗偰偒偨丅乽崙柉偺憂惗乿偵偼丄崙壠偲僀僨僆儘僊乕偺偝傑偞傑側憰抲傪嬱巊偡傞偙偲偵傛偭偰丄偦傟傑偱偺抧墢揑嫟懏堄幆傪丄崙柉偲偟偰偺怴偨側傾僀僨儞僥傿僥傿傊偲曄姺偡傞偙偲偑梫媮偝傟傞丅垽崙怱傗崙傊偺拤惤怱傪崙柉偺怱傗恎懱偵怹摟偝偣傞偲偒丄柉懓偺夁嫀偲尰嵼偲偺楌巎揑楢懕惈傗暥壔揑揱摑偺宲懕惈偑嫮挷偝傟偨丅偦偺嵺丄峫屆妛偼乽崙柉偺棃楌乿傪夁嫀偐傜尰嵼傑偱丄乽惓偟偔乿愓偯偗傞栶妱傪扴偭偰偄傞丅峫屆妛偑僫僔儑僫儕僘儉偵娭梌偡傞偺偼傑偝偵偙偺揰偵偮偄偱偁傝丄峫屆妛傕崙柉崙壠偵偍偗傞僀僨僆儘僊乕憰抲偺堦晹偲偟偰丄崙柉堄幆偺堐帩瓑粋饜}傝丄僫僔儑僫儕僘儉偺巚憐偲塣摦偵婑梌偟偰偄傞偲偄偆偙偲偑偱偒傞丅堚暔傗堚愓偑揥帵偝傟傞攷暔娰傪椺偵峫偊偰傒傛偆丅傾儞僟乕僜儞偑弎傋偰偄傞傛偆偵丄攷暔娰偑崙偛偲偵憿傜傟丄偦偙偱乽崙柉偺棃楌乿偺暔岅傪揥奐偡傞偐偨偪偑惂搙偲偟偰惉棫偟偰埲棃丄崙柉暥壔揑側恄榖偺惗惉偲棳捠偵廳梫側栶妱傪壥偨偟偰偒偨(傾儞僟乕僜儞1997: 戞X復)丅乽屌桳側乿崙柉惈偼丄乽夁嫀偵岦偐偭偰孈傝恑傔傟偽恑傓傎偳乿(惣愳1995:156)弮壔偝傟偰偄偔丅拪弌偝傟偨崙柉惈偺僄僢僙儞僗偼丄彮悢柉懓偺乽揱摑乿傗峫屆堚暔偺側偐偵崱擔揑巆熸偲偟偰曐懚偝傟偰偍傝丄偦傟傪崙柉慡堳偑嫟桳偟偰偄傞偙偲傪丄攷暔娰傪朘傟傞恖乆偵擣幆偝偣傞丅攷暔娰偼丄乽屌桳側棃楌乿傪傕偮崙柉偑嫟偵曢傜偡丄乽嬒幙側嬻娫乿傪憂弌偡傞嫮椡側攠懱偲偟偰懚嵼偟偰偒偨(媑尒1992丄Russell 1997)丅

埲忋弎傋偰偒偨傛偆偵丄偦傟傑偱帺柧側傕偺丄帺慠側傕偺偲偟偰偒偨乽崙柉崙壠乿帺懱傪憡懳壔偡傞偙偲偑壜擻偲側偭偨偺偼丄幚偼偛偔嵟嬤偺偙偲偱偁傞丅崙柉崙壠偑暘愅奣擮偲偟偰媟岝傪梺傃傞偙偲偲側偭偨偺偼丄80擭戙埲崀偺偙偲偱偁偭偨丅偦偺攚宨偵偼丄椻愴峔憿偺曵夡傪偼偠傔偲偡傞80擭戙偺楌巎偺寖摦偑偁傞偑丄偦傟傜偺宱尡傪捠偠偰偼偠傔偰丄乽崙壠乿偑乽廻柦乿偲偟偰偺偁傝曽偐傜乽扙帺慠壔乿偝傟傞偙偲偲側偭偨(忋栰1998: 32)丅嫄戝側崙壠偺曵夡傪傂偲偮偺宊婡偲偟偰丄巗柉幮夛偺棟憐傗棟擮偵斀偟偰旍戝壔偟偨崙壠偺崱擔揑栶妱傗巗柉幮夛偺帺棩惈偵懳偡傞媈擮偑丄崙柉崙壠偺憡懳壔傪偄偭偦偆彆挿偟偰偄偭偨丅偦偟偰崙壠偺曵夡偼丄椻愴偺堦曽偺懁偺傒偑尰幚偵宱尡偟偨傕偺偩偗偱偼側偔丄傢傟傢傟偑懏偟偰偒偨崙壠傗幮夛傪傕娷傔偰丄崙嫬慄傪墇偊傛偆偲偡傞崙撪奜偺偝傑偞傑側恖傃偲偺摦偒偵傛偭偰傕堷偒婲偙偝傟偰偄傞丅崙嫬傪嫴傫偱峴傢傟傞恖傃偲偺戝検堏摦傗忣曬偺揱払偼丄崙壠傪挻偊偨栤戣孮偵懳偟偰僌儘乕僶儖側帇揰偐傜懳張偡傞昁梫惈傪傢傟傢傟偵敆偭偰偄傞丅偙偆偟偨尰幚悽奅偱偺戝偒側曄壔傪宱尡偡傞偙偲偵傛偭偰丄80擭戙埲崀丄億僗僩儌僟儞偺彅巚挭偑惗傑傟丄偦偺傂偲偮偲偟偰崙柉崙壠傗僫僔儑僫儕僘儉偺尋媶偑戝偒側杬棳傪惗傒弌偟偰偄傞丅崙壠偑乽廻柦乿偲偟偰偺偁傝曽偐傜乽扙帺慠壔乿偝傟丄傛偆傗偔峀偄帇栰偱尒傞偙偲偑偱偒傞傛偆偵側偭偨偲偄偆夝曻姶偲婌傃偑丄崙柉崙壠榑偵惗婥傪悂偒崬傓偙偲偲側偭偨丅

偙偆偟偨億僗僩儌僟儞偺巚憐偺塭嬁傪庴偗偨怴偨側崙柉崙壠榑偺榞慻傒偺側偐偱丄僫僔儑僫儕僘儉尋媶傕戝偒側恑揥傪岦偐偊傞偙偲偵側偭偨丅儀僱僨傿僋僩丒傾儞僟乕僜儞偼亀憐憸偺嫟摨懱亁偺側偐偱丄嬤戙崙柉崙壠偲偄偆嬒幙側嬻娫偲摨幙揑側暥壔傪惗偒傞乽崙柉乿偑憂弌偝傟傞夁掱偵偮偄偰榑偠偰偄傞丅偦偙偱偼崙壠偲僀僨僆儘僊乕偺憰抲偵傛偭偰丄摨偠尵岅丄摨偠帪娫丄摨偠婰壇偑宍惉丒堐帩偝傟丄偦傟傜傪崙柉偑嫟桳偡傞丅偝傜偵崙柉崙壠偺乽嬒幙側嬻娫乿傪堐帩偡傞偨傔偵偼丄報嶞媄弍丄尵岅嬻娫丄岎捠丒捠怣庤抜側偳偑堦懱偲側偭偰崙柉壔偺崙壠憰抲傪巟偊偰偄傞丅偙偆偟偰傢傟傢傟崙柉偼丄崱傑偱弌夛偭偨偙偲傕側偄恖傃偲偱偁偭偰傕丄崙壠撪偺摨偠嬻娫偵惗妶偡傞埲忋丄摨偠怱惈丒尵岅丒婰壇丒宱尡傪嫟桳偟偰偄傞傕偺偲壖掕丄偁傞偄偼憐憸偡傞偙偲偑壜擻偲側偭偰偄傞丅儗僩儕僢僋偵偍偄偰乽採歡乿偲屇偽傟傞憐憸偺偟偐偨丄偡側傢偪屄偐傜慡懱傪壖峔偡傞憐憸偺偁傝曽偼丄嬒幙偱摟柧側嬻娫乮崙柉崙壠乯偵偍偄偰偼偠傔偰壜擻偲側傞丅

傑偨崙柉揑傾僀僨儞僥傿僥傿傪巟偊偰偄傞乽揱摑乿傗乽楌巎揑婰壇乿偑丄幚偼崙柉崙壠偺宍惉夁掱偱乽憂憿乿乽敪柧乿偝傟偨傕偺偱偁傞偙偲傪傢傟傢傟偵屇傃妎傑偟偨偺偼僄儕僢僋丒儂僽僘儃乕儉偱偁傞(儂僽僘儃乕儉1992)丅儂僽僘儃乕儉偑採帵偡傞乽揱摑偺敪柧乿偲偼丄崙柉崙壠傪宍惉偡傞庡梫側柉懓廤抍偑丄崙柉崙壠惉棫埲慜偺斵傜偺楌巎揑婰壇傗暥壔梫慺偑屩挘偝傟偨偐偨偪偱乽崙柉乿偺楌巎傗揱摑偲偟偰僋儘乕僘傾僢僾偝傟傞峴堊傪巜偟偰偄傞(庰堜1993)丅乽揱摑偺敪柧乿偑岞揑側応傗嫵堢偵傛偭偰偔傝偐偊偟乽崙柉乿偵斀彞偝傟傞偙偲偱丄乽憂傜傟偨揱摑乿偑乽帺慠壔乿偝傟偰偄偔丅

傾儞僟乕僜儞傗儂僽僘儃乕儉偑乽憐憸偝傟偨嫟摨懱乿丄乽揱摑偺敪柧乿偲偟偰採帵偡傞崙柉崙壠偺嫊峔惈偵懳偟偰偼丄僫僔儑僫儕僘儉尋媶偵偍偗傞楌巎庡媊揑娤揰偐傜偺斸敾偑傾儞僜僯乕丒僗儈僗偵傛偭偰側偝傟偰偄傞(僗儈僗1999)丅偟偐偟偦偆偟偨斸敾傕娷傔偰丄僫僔儑僫儕僘儉尋媶偼尰嵼丄崙柉崙壠偺嫬奅慄曵夡偺婋婡丄偦偺撪懁偵柍棟傗傝偵墴偟崬傔傜傟偨僿僥儘僼僅僯僢僋側椡偺悽奅揑暚弌側偳丄21悽婭揑栤戣偵捈柺偟偰丄棟榑揑側尋媶偺恑揥偑婜懸偝傟偰偄傞偺偑尰忬偱偁傞(惣愳1995, 1998)丅

偙偺傛偆側嵟嬤偺僫僔儑僫儕僘儉尋媶偺惉壥傪嶲徠偟側偑傜丄傢傟傢傟峫屆妛幰偑夁嫀傪昞徾偡傞峴堊傪怳傝曉偭偰傒傛偆丅傢傟傢傟偼尰嵼偺摓払揰偐傜丄尋媶懳徾偲側偭偰偄傞帪戙傊偲慿傝丄偦偙偐傜愜傝曉偟偰崱堦搙尰嵼傊偲晳偄栠傞丅曉偭偰偔傞嵺偵峫屆妛幰偑偨偳偭偨摴嬝偼帪娫偺棳傟偵増偭偰偄傞偑丄偟偐偟偦偺摴嬝偵偼昁偢堦掕偺曽岦惈偑掕傔傜傟偰偄傞丅偡側傢偪抐懕揑偱乽旘傃愇乿傪偨偳傞傛偆偵嶶嵼偟偰偄傞峫屆妛揑帠徾傪丄傂偲偮偺堄枴偁傞曽岦傊偲趥瑬兀偟側偑傜尰嵼傑偱偺摴掱傪偙側偟偰偄偔偺偱偁傞丅偙偙偱栤戣偲側傞偺偼丄峫屆妛幰偺趥瑬貚鞐p蛠A偡傋偰偺帠徾傪曪傒崬傓帪娫偺抏摴偑丄偁偨偐傕偦偺僄僱儖僊乕偺偡傋偰傪稏緛i尰帪揰乯苽険_偺曽岦傊偺傒拲偄偱撍偒恑傫偱偒偨偐偺傛偆側嶖妎傪梌偊傞揰偱偁傞丅稏荆偺椡傪怣偠傞偙偲偑偱偒偨帪戙偵偼丄悽奅偺偝傑偞傑側抧堟偱丄嫞偭偰峫屆妛揑帠徾偺趥瑬兀偑帋傒傜傟偨乮偁傞偄偼崱偱傕惙傫偵峴傢傟偰偄傞乯丅偦偺斀柺丄騻褠危傗趥瑬兀偺夁掱偱丄峫屆妛幰偵柍帇偝傟偨峫屆堚暔傕悢偊愗傟側偄傎偳偁傞丅傾儞僟乕僜儞偼丄峫屆妛偺趥瑬貚鞐p稷僔儕乕僘壔(serialization)茖膫褋A崙柉崙壠弌尰埲慜偺堚愓傗楌巎忋偺恖暔偑丄僫僔儑僫儕僘儉偺愭嬱偲偟偰昞徾偝傟丄尰戙偵寢傃偮偗傜傟傞夁掱傪昤偒弌偟偰偄傞(傾儞僟乕僜儞1997:298-301)丅傑偨丄尰嵼偺摿掕偺乽柉懓廤抍乿傗乽崙柉乿偑丄摿掕偺乽峫屆暥壔乿偲埨堈偵寢傃偮偗傜傟傞婋尟惈傕巜揈偝傟偰偄傞(Veit 1989:42, Jones 1997:3-5, Härke 1998:56)丅偙傟傜偼峫屆妛偲偄偆妛栤偑嬤戙丄偲傝傢偗崙柉崙壠偺惉棫偲偦偺屻偵峴傢傟偨彅惂搙偺惍旛偺帪婜偲嬞枾側娭學偵偁傞偙偲傪帵偟偰偄傞丅峫屆妛偺尒捈偟丄憡懳壔偑峴傢傟傞傋偒尰嵼丄騻褠危傗趥瑬兀偵戙傢傞峫屆妛尋媶偺幚慔偲偼偳偺傛偆側傕偺偱偁傠偆偐丅偦傟偼彮側偔偲傕稏荆傊偺曽岦惈傪巙岦偟偨峫屆妛幰偵傛偭偰夁嫀傊抲偒嫀傝偵偝傟丄柍堄幆偱偁傟丄堄恾揑偱偁傟丄乽塀暳乿偝傟偰偒偨傕偺傪廍偄忋偘傞偙偲偵偁傞偲峫偊偰傕娫堘偄側偄(Trigger 1984, Layton 1989, Schmidt and Patterson 1995)丅邞銈虌@惂苽祩膫虂A偦偟偰崙柉崙壠偺僀僨僆儘僊乕憰抲偲偟偰偺峫屆妛偼丄偦偺惉棫偐傜尰嵼傑偱偺楌巎偺側偐偱丄堦搙斸敾傪帋傒傞昁梫偵敆傜傟偰偄傞(彫愳2000a, b)丅偦偺帋傒偼丄暥壔偺栤戣傪庢傝埖偆懠偺妛栤暘栰偱偼丄帺傜偺嵞惗傪搎偟偨榑憟傪屇傃婲偙偡偲偄偆偐偨偪偱偡偱偵巒傑偭偰偄傞偑(椺偊偽丄惔悈1992丄彫揷 1996丄娾抾1996丄僋儕僼僅乕僪懠1996丄儘僓儖僪 1998)丄擔杮偺峫屆妛偱偼枹偩巒傑偭偰偄側偄偺偑尰忬偱偁傞丅

丂僫僔儑僫儕僘儉偺僐儞僥僋僗僩偺側偐偱楌巎傗揱摑偼崙壠偲偄偆帪嬻娫偵偍偄偰幮夛揑偵峔抸偝傟傞丅媑栰儢棦堚愓傗嶰撪娵嶳堚愓側偳乽抧曽乿偺堚愓偺敪尒偑丄擔杮慡懱偺乽婸偗傞丄塰岝偺夁嫀乿(拞愳1996)偲偟偰昞徾偝傟傞偺偼丄堦掕偺惌帯揑堄恾偲偟偰夝庍偱偒傞丅乽抧曽暥壔乿偼崙壠偵彸擣偝傟傞偐偨偪偱丄岞揑側暥壔傗楌巎偵慻傒崬傑傟丄怴偨側崙柉崙壠偺楌巎偲偟偰幮夛揑偵峔抸偝傟傞丅擔杮偺惌帯揑拞怱偐傜斾妑揑乽廃曈乿偵埵抲偡傞椉堚愓偑乽抧曽乿偺恖傃偲偵傛偭偰乽楌巎偺敪尒乿偲偟偰尒弌偝傟傞偲偒偵偼抧曽偺暥壔傾僀僨儞僥傿僥傿宍惉偵婑梌偡傞丅偟偐偟丄崙壠揑側僫僔儑僫儕僘儉偺惌帯揑堄恾偺傕偲偱岞揑偵彸擣偝傟偨帪揰偱丄乽抧曽乿偺楌巎偲暥壔偼丄崙嫬偱嬫愗傜傟偨崙壠嬻娫慡懱偵傑偱墴偟峀偘傜傟丄幮夛揑偵峔抸偝傟偨乽撽暥暥柧乿乽堫嶌暥壔乿偲偄偆岞揑楌巎娤偺愭恑惈偺側偐偵撣傒崬傑傟偰偄偔丅

丂丂丂丂丂丂

椉堚愓偐傜弌搚偟丄暅尦偝傟偨拰偺儊僞僼傽乕偼丄恄偺埶戙偱偁傝丄揤丒抧昞丒抧壓偺3揰傪寢傇塅拡偺拞怱傪帵偟偰偄傞丅擔忢揑側帪嬻娫偵埑弅偝傟偨摿堎側応偑乽巎愓岞墍乿偲偄偆摟柧側嬻娫偵嵞惗偝傟傞偙偲偺堄枴偑栤傢傟側偔偰偼側傜側偄丅椉堚愓偺敪尒傪宊婡偲偟偰丄乽塅拡偺拞怱乿偑擔杮偲偄偆崙柉崙壠偺撪晹偵偄偔偮傕弌尰偟偨偙偲偼抧曽揑暥壔僫僔儑僫儕僘儉傪妶惈壔偡傞偑丄僫僔儑僫儕僗僩偺僀僨僆儘乕僌偵偲偭偰偙偺偙偲偼崙壠揑暥壔摑崌傪嫼偐偡傛偆側嫼埿偵偼側傜側偄丅暅尦偝傟偨乽巎愓岞墍乿偼丄暥壔僫僔儑僫儕僘儉傪傔偖傞乽抧曽乿偺億儕僼僅僯僢僋側丄偁傞偄偼僿僥儘僼僅僯僢僋側丄偝傜偵偼乽惌帯揑拞怱乿偲偺嫟斊娭學偵偍偄偰敪偣傜傟傞丄偝傑偞傑側嶨懡側惡傪塀暳偟偰偄傞丅

僫僔儑僫儕僘儉偼傑偨怉柉抧庡媊偺偐偨偪傪偲偭偰崙嫬傪墇偊傞丅偐偮偰偼乽暥柧壔偺巊柦乿偺柤偺壓偵掗崙堄幆傪偁偐傜偝傑偵偟偰崙嫬傪墇偊偨丅偟偐偟尰嵼偱傕丄悽奅僔僗僥儉偺廃曈偵埵抲偯偗傜傟偨抧堟偺億僗僩僐儘僯傾儖忬嫷偵偍偄偰丄乽懠幰乿傊搳偘偐偗傞傑側偞偟偺僆儕僄儞僞儕僘儉偼柆乆偲巆懚偟偰偄傞(悪杮1993)丅傢傟傢傟偑擔杮崙撪偱宱尡偡傞丄崙柉暥壔偺僄僢僙儞僗乮杮幙乯偺峔抸偼丄偐偮偰怉柉抧巟攝傪宱尡偟丄尰嵼崙柉摑崌偺夁掱偵偁傞崙乆偱傕恑峴拞偱偁傞丅傾僇僨儈僘儉偵崻嫮偔巆懚偡傞僆儕僄儞僞儕僘儉偺惌帯揑傑側偞偟傗丄崙柉崙壠偵偍偄偰杮幙庡媊揑偵峔惉偝傟偨乽崙柉偺棃楌乿傪斸敾偡傞傢傟傢傟乮峔惉庡媊揑棫応乯偵偼丄媡偵僼傿乕儖僪偲偟偰偄傞崙乆偱杮幙庡媊揑夁嫀昞徾傪悇恑偡傞僫僔儑僫儕僗僩偨偪偐傜偺堎媍怽偟棫偰偵捈柺偡傞 (彫揷1996)丅偙偺傛偆側PC (political correctness=惌帯揑恀惓偝) 栤戣(僑乕1999)偼丄奀奜偺僼傿乕儖僪偵偍偗傞杮幙庡媊偲峔惉庡媊偺懳棫偺側偐偱丄乽懠幰乿偺夁嫀傪昞徾偡傞傢傟傢傟峫屆妛幰偺惌帯揑棫応偑偮偹偵栤傢傟偮偯偗偰偄傞尰忬傪帵偟偰偄傞丅

 

暥專栚榐

傾儞僟乕僜儞丄儀僱僨傿僋僩

1997    亀憹曗丂憐憸偺嫟摨懱亅僫僔儑僫儕僘儉偺婲尮偲棳峴亁NTT弌斉

僀丒儓儞僗僋

1995    亀崙岅偲偄偆巚憐丂嬤戙擔杮偺尵岅擣幆亁娾攇彂揦

娾抾旤壛巕

1996       亀柉懎妛偺惌帯惈乗傾儊儕僇柉懎妛100擭栚偺徣嶡偐傜亁枹棃幮

忋栰愮掃巕

      1998    亀僫僔儑僫儕僘儉偲僕僃儞僟乕亁惵搚幮

塋帞揘懠

      1997    亀崙柉偲偼壗偐亁壨弌彂朳怴幮

彫愳塸暥

      1999    l屆妛幰偑採帵偡傞庪椔嵦廤幮夛僀儊乕僕w柉懓妛尋媶亁63-2:192-202

2000a   霔聧虖W柉偲擾峩柉偺岎棳亅憡屳娭學偺帇妏亅A彫愳塸暥曇亀岎棳偺峫屆妛亁挬憅彂揦

2000b   崢_丗岎棳峫屆妛偺壜擻惈乕峫屆妛偺昞徾愑擟傪傔偖偭偰亅A彫愳塸暥曇亀岎棳偺峫屆妛亁挬憅彂揦

彫孎塸擇

      1995    亀扨堦柉懓恄榖偺宯晥亅<擔杮恖>偺帺夋憸偺宯晥亁怴梛幮

彫揷椇

1996     |僗僩儌僟儞恖椶妛偺戙壙亅僽儕僐儖乕儖偺愴弍偲惗妶偺応偺恖椶妛乿亀崙棫柉懓妛攷暔娰尋媶曬崘亁21-4丗807-875

僋儕僼僅乕僪丄僕僃僀儉僗丂僕儑乕僕丒儅乕僇僗(曇)

   1996    亀暥壔傪彂偔亁婭埳崙壆彂揦

庰堜桼旤巕

1993    l僀僔儑儞偲僫僔儑僫儕僘儉偵偐傫偡傞棟榑揑尋媶偺尰嵼乗亙儌僟僯僗僩亜揑傾僾儘乕僠傪拞怱偲偟偰乕w朄妛怴曬亁Vol. 99, No. 9-10: 157-198.

惔悈徍弐

1992        i墦偺枹奐暥壔偲廃曈柉懓-嬤戙惣墷恖椶妛巎揰昤-w崙棫柉懓妛攷暔娰尋媶曬崘亁17-3: 417-488.

1998     (曇)亀廃曈柉懓偺尰嵼亁悽奅巚憐幮

悪杮塸柧

1993     I儕僄儞僞儕僘儉偲巹偨偪A僒僀乕僪亀僆儕僄儞僞儕僘儉壓亁: 343-377丄暯杴幮

僗儈僗丄傾儞僜僯乕

      1999丂 亀僱僀僔儑儞偲僄僗僯僔僥傿亁柤屆壆戝妛弌斉夛

拞愳晀

1996     亀儌僲岅傝偲偟偰偺僫僔儑僫儕僘儉亅棟榑恖椶妛揑扵媮亁嬥巕彂朳

惣愳挿晇

1995    亀抧媴帪戙偺柉懓=暥壔棟榑亅扙憱瘯秹唬偺偨傔偵亁怴梛幮

1998     亀崙柉崙壠偺幩掱亅偁傞偄偼<崙柉>偲偄偆夦暔偵偮偄偰亁攼彂朳

儂僽僘儃乕儉丄僄儕僢僋懠乮曇乯

      1992    亀憂傜傟偨揱摑亁婭埳崙壆彂揦

僑乕丄儕僒

      1999    亀巹偲偄偆椃 僕僃儞僟乕偲儗僀僔僘儉傪挻偊偰亁惵搚幮

儘僒儖僪丄儗僫乕僩

1997       亀暥壔偲恀幚丂幮夛暘愅偺嵞峔抸亁擔杮僄僨傿僞乕僗僋乕儖弌斉晹 

媑尒弐嵠

      1992     亀攷棗夛偺惌帯妛亁拞岞怴彂

Diaz-Andreu, M. and T. Champion (eds.)

      1996    Nationalism and Archaeology in Europe. London: UCL Press.

Faucett, C.

      1995    Nationalism and postwar Japanese archaeology. In Kohl, P. and C. Faucett (eds.) Nationalism, politics, and the practice of archaeology: 232-248. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Habu, J. and C. Faucett

      1999    Jomon archaeology and the representation of Japanese origins. Antiquity 73: 587-593.

Härke, H.

      1998    Archaeologists and Migrations. Current Anthropology 39: 19-46.

Jones, S.

      1997    The Archaeology of Ethnicity. Constructing identities in the past and present. London and New York. Routledge.

Kohl, P

           1998    Nationalism and Archaeology: On the Constructions of Nations and the Reconstructions of the Remote Past. Annual Review of Anthropology. 27: 223-246.

Kohl, P. and C. Faucett (eds.)

      1995    Nationalism, politics, and the practice of archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Layton, R.

      1989    Introduction: conflict in the archaeology of living traditions. In Layton, R. (ed.) Conflict in the Archaeology of Living Traditions: 1-31.                    London and New York: Routledge.   

Molyneaux, B. L. (ed.)

      1997    The Cultural Life of Images - Visual Representation in Archaeology. London and New York: Routledge.

Russell, L.

   1997     Focusing on the Past. Visual and Textual Images of Aboriginal Australia. In Molyneaux, B. L. (ed.) The Cultural Life of Images - Visual Representation in Archaeology. London and New York: Routledge.

Schmidt, P. R. and T. C. Patterson

      1995    Introduction: From Constructing to Making Alternative Histories. In Schmidt, P. R. and T. C. Patterson (eds.) Making Alternative                        History. The Practice of Archaeology and History in Non-Western Settings. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.

Tsude丆H.

           1995    Archaeological Theory in Japan. In Ucko, P. (ed.) Theory in Archaeology: A world perspective: 298-311. London and New York: Routledge

Trigger, B.

      1984    Alternative Archaeologies: Nationalist, Colonialist, and Imperialists. Man 19: 355-370.

Veit, U.

      1989    Ethnic Concepts in German Prehistory: a case study on the relationship between cultural identity and objectivity. In Shennan, S. J. (ed.) Archaeological Approaches to Cultural Identity: 35-56. London and New York: Routledge.